IPA (International
Phonetic Alphabet) Phonetics
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Consonant:
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A sound in the production of which the
air is completely or partially obstructed.
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Plosive:
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A consonant sound which is made by
closing air passage and then releasing the air that can be heard. Plosives
are also called stop sound.
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Voice
less
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Examples
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Voiced
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Examples
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p پھ
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Bilabial
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Pick=/pɪk/,
push=/pʊʃ/
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bب
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Bilabial
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Bat=/bæt/,
brought=/ˈbrɔːt/
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tٹھ
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Alveolar
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Tool=/tuːl/,
foot=/fʊt/
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d ڈ
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Alveolar
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Dog=/dɒɡ/,
doctor=/ˈdɒktə/
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kکھ
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Velar
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Cock=/ˈkɒk/,
cook=/kʊk/
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gگ
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Velar
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Gate=/ɡeɪt/,
girl=/ɡɜːl/
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Fricatives:
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Air pressure is narrowed to such an
extent that the air gets friction against the wall of the air passage. This
friction causes a hissing sound which is called fricatives.
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fف
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Labiodentals
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Fish=/fɪʃ/, foul=/foul/
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vو
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Labiodentals
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Van=/væn/, cave=/keɪv/
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sس
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Alveolar
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Sad=/sæd/, slice=/slaɪs/
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zز
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Alveolar
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Zeal=/ziːl/, rise=/raɪz/
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ʃش
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Palatal
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Shy=/ʃaɪ/, wash=/wɒʃ/
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ʒژ
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Palatal
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Vision=/ˈvɪʒn̩/, pleasure=/ˈpleʒə/
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θ تھ
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Dental
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Tooth=/tuːθ/, both=/ bəʊθ/
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ðد
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Dental
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That=/ ðæt
/, there=/ ðeə /
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hہ
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Glothalic
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Hook=/hʊk/, how=/ˈhaʊ/
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Affricatives:
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Plosives
in the beginning and fricatives in the end.
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tʃ چ
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Palatal
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Watch=/wɒtʃ/, chain=/tʃeɪn/
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dʒ ج
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Palatal
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Jug=/dʒʌɡ/, manage=/ˈmænɪdʒ/
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Nasals:
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The
speech sound in which the air comes out of the nose.
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m م
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Bilabial
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Man=/mæn/, missed=/mɪst/
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n ن
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Alveolar
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Nose=/nəʊz/, nice=/naɪs/
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ŋ انگ
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Velar
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Fling=/flɪŋ/, shrink=/ʃrɪŋk/
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Approximants:
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These are the sounds in which the air
is neither obstructed like consonant nor completely let free like vowels.
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lل
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Palatal
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Long=/ˈlɒŋ/, liar=/ˈlaɪə/
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rر
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Palatal
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Wring=/rɪŋ/, roll=/rəʊl/
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Semi vowels:
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jی
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Velar
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Yes=/jes/, yolk=/jəʊk/
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wو
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Bilabial
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Where=/weə/, why=/waɪ/
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Vowels:
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A sound in the production of which the
air is not obstructed.
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ʌاَ
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Strong/ short
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Mother=/ˈmʌðə/, other=/ˈʌðə /
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ɑː
آ
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Strong/ long
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Rather=/ˈrɑːðə/, bath=/bɑːθ/
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əاَ
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Weak
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About=/əˈbaʊt/, writer=/ˈraɪtə/
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ɜː اَر
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Strong/ long
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Bird=/bɜːd/, birth=/bɜːθ/
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ɪاِ
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Strong/ short
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Twin=/twɪn/, rip=/rɪp/
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iːاِی
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Strong/ long
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Niece=/niːs/, seat=/siːt/
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ʊاُ
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Strong/ short
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Put=/ˈpʊt/, hook=/hʊk/
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uː
اُو
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Strong/ long
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Shoot=/ʃuːt/, rude=/ruːd/
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eاے
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Strong/ short
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Pet=/pet/, get=/ˈɡet/
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æ اے ے
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Strong/ long
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Fan=/fæn/, van=/væn/
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ɒ اَو
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Strong/ short
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Wrath=/rɒθ/, moss=/mɒs/
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ɔː او
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Strong/ long
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Fourth=/ˈfɔːθ/, force=/fɔːs/
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Diphthongs:
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It
is a combination of two vowels sound. It is a glideness from one vowel to
another vowel. The glideness id very smooth.
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eɪ
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اے اِ
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Late=/leɪt/, place=/ˈpleɪs/
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eə
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اے اَ
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Air=/eə/, there=/ðeə/
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ɔɪ
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اَو اِ
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Oil=/ɔɪl/, annoy=/əˈnɔɪ/
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ʊə
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اُ اَ
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Poor=/pʊə/. tour=/tʊə/
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aɪ
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آ اِ
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Five=/faɪv/, drive=/draɪv/
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ɪə
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اِ اَ
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Near=/nɪə/, fear=/fɪə/
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əʊ
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اَ او
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Know=/nəʊ/, goal=/ɡəʊl/
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aʊ
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آ او
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Down=/daʊn/, sound=/ˈsaʊnd/
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Bilabial
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=
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Both Lips
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Alveolar
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=
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Tip
of the tongue + Alveolar Ridge
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Velar
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=
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Back of the tongue + Velum
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Labiodentals
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=
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Lower
lip + upper teeth
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Palatal
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=
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Middle of the tongue + Hard Palate
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Dental
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=
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Blade
of the tongue + Upper Teeth
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Pharynx:
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It is a tube which begins just above
the larynx. It is about 7 cm long in
women and 8 cm long in men. At its top end it is divided into two, one part
begin the back of the mouth and other being the beginning of
the way through the nasal cavity.
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Alveolar
Ridge:
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It is between top front teeth and the
hard palate. You can feel its hard surface with your tongue. Its surface is
much rough than its feels and is covered with little ridges.
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Hard
Palate:
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It is often called the roof of the
mouth. You can feel its smooth and curved surface with your tongue. It is
located between soft palate and alveolar ridge.
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Soft
palate:
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It starts from the place where hard
palate ends. Its surface is very soft. It can be touched by the tongue. When
we make the sound k and g tongue touches the velum.
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Vocal
Cords:
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The larynx contain two small bands of
elastic tissues which can be thought of as two flat strips of rubber, lying
opposite each other across the air passage.
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Linking
‘r’:
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In R.P (Received Pronunciation) we
don’t pronounce ending ‘r’. If a word finishes with a vowel sound and the
next word also starts with the vowel sound we’ve got to add ‘r’. It is called
linking ‘r’.
(M.A Eng P.Uee, M.EdMuhammad Awais
) 0345-4521350
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