IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) Phonetics

IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) Phonetics


Consonant:
A sound in the production of which the air is completely or partially obstructed.
Plosive:
A consonant sound which is made by closing air passage and then releasing the air that can be heard. Plosives are also called stop sound.
Voice less
Examples
Voiced
Examples
p پھ
Bilabial
Pick=/pɪk/, push=/pʊʃ/
bب
Bilabial
Bat=/bæt/, brought=/ˈbrɔːt/
tٹھ 
Alveolar
Tool=/tuːl/, foot=/fʊt/
d ڈ
Alveolar
Dog=/dɒɡ/, doctor=/ˈdɒktə/
kکھ
Velar
Cock=/ˈkɒk/, cook=/kʊk/
gگ
Velar
Gate=/ɡeɪt/, girl=/ɡɜːl/
Fricatives:
Air pressure is narrowed to such an extent that the air gets friction against the wall of the air passage. This friction causes a hissing sound which is called fricatives.
fف
Labiodentals
Fish=/fɪʃ/, foul=/foul/
vو
Labiodentals
Van=/væn/, cave=/keɪv/
sس
Alveolar
Sad=/sæd/, slice=/slaɪs/
zز
Alveolar
Zeal=/ziːl/, rise=/raɪz/
ʃش
Palatal
Shy=/ʃaɪ/, wash=/wɒʃ/
ʒژ
Palatal
Vision=/ˈvɪʒn̩/, pleasure=/ˈpleʒə/
θ تھ
Dental
Tooth=/tuːθ/, both=/ bəʊθ/
ðد
Dental
That=/ ðæt /, there=/ ðeə /
hہ
Glothalic
Hook=/hʊk/, how=/ˈhaʊ/



Affricatives:
Plosives in the beginning and fricatives in the end.
چ
Palatal
Watch=/wɒtʃ/, chain=/tʃeɪn/
ج
Palatal
Jug=/dʒʌɡ/, manage=/ˈmænɪdʒ/
Nasals:
The speech sound in which the air comes out of the nose.
m م
Bilabial
Man=/mæn/, missed=/mɪst/
n ن
Alveolar
Nose=/nəʊz/, nice=/naɪs/
ŋ انگ 
Velar
Fling=/flɪŋ/, shrink=/ʃrɪŋk/



Approximants:
These are the sounds in which the air is neither obstructed like consonant nor completely let free like vowels.
lل
Palatal
Long=/ˈlɒŋ/, liar=/ˈlaɪə/
rر
Palatal
Wring=/rɪŋ/, roll=/rəʊl/
Semi vowels:

jی
Velar
Yes=/jes/, yolk=/jəʊk/
wو
Bilabial
Where=/weə/, why=/waɪ/
Vowels:
A sound in the production of which the air is not obstructed.
ʌاَ 
Strong/ short
Mother=/ˈmʌðə/, other=/ˈʌðə /
ɑː  آ
Strong/ long
Rather=/ˈrɑːðə/, bath=/bɑːθ/
əاَ
Weak
About=/əˈbaʊt/, writer=/ˈraɪtə/
ɜː  اَر
Strong/ long
Bird=/bɜːd/, birth=/bɜːθ/

ɪاِ
Strong/ short
Twin=/twɪn/, rip=/rɪp/
اِی
Strong/ long
Niece=/niːs/, seat=/siːt/
ʊاُ
Strong/ short
Put=/ˈpʊt/, hook=/hʊk/
uː  اُو
Strong/ long
Shoot=/ʃuːt/, rude=/ruːd/

eاے
Strong/ short
Pet=/pet/, get=/ˈɡet/
æ اے ے
Strong/ long
Fan=/fæn/, van=/væn/

ɒ اَو
Strong/ short
Wrath=/rɒθ/, moss=/mɒs/
ɔː او
Strong/ long
Fourth=/ˈfɔːθ/, force=/fɔːs/
Diphthongs:
It is a combination of two vowels sound. It is a glideness from one vowel to another vowel. The glideness id very smooth.
اے اِ
Late=/leɪt/, place=/ˈpleɪs/
اے اَ
Air=/eə/, there=/ðeə/
ɔɪ
اَو اِ
Oil=/ɔɪl/, annoy=/əˈnɔɪ/
ʊə
اُ اَ
Poor=/pʊə/. tour=/tʊə/
آ اِ
Five=/faɪv/, drive=/draɪv/
ɪə
اِ  اَ
Near=/nɪə/, fear=/fɪə/
əʊ
اَ او
Know=/nəʊ/, goal=/ɡəʊl/
آ او
Down=/daʊn/, sound=/ˈsaʊnd/
Bilabial
=
Both Lips
Alveolar
=
Tip of the tongue + Alveolar Ridge
Velar
=
Back of the tongue + Velum
Labiodentals
=
Lower lip + upper teeth
Palatal
=
Middle of the tongue + Hard Palate
Dental
=
Blade of the tongue + Upper Teeth



Pharynx:
It is a tube which begins just above the larynx.  It is about 7 cm long in women and 8 cm long in men. At its top end it is divided into two, one part begin the back of the mouth and other being the beginning of the way through the nasal cavity.
Alveolar Ridge:
It is between top front teeth and the hard palate. You can feel its hard surface with your tongue. Its surface is much rough than its feels and is covered with little ridges.
Hard Palate:
It is often called the roof of the mouth. You can feel its smooth and curved surface with your tongue. It is located between soft palate and alveolar ridge.
Soft palate:
It starts from the place where hard palate ends. Its surface is very soft. It can be touched by the tongue. When we make the sound k and g tongue touches the velum.
Vocal Cords:
The larynx contain two small bands of elastic tissues which can be thought of as two flat strips of rubber, lying opposite each other across the air passage.
Linking ‘r’:
In R.P (Received Pronunciation) we don’t pronounce ending ‘r’. If a word finishes with a vowel sound and the next word also starts with the vowel sound we’ve got to add ‘r’. It is called linking ‘r’.








   (M.A Eng P.Uee, M.EdMuhammad Awais 

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